UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs 
from  Small  and  Large  Timber 


BY 

DONALD    BRUCE 


BULLETIN  339 

January,  1922 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA   PRESS 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1922 


David  P.  Barrows,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS   OP   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

,  Director  of  Resident  Instruction. 

C.  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science,  Director  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

B.  H.  Crocheron,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

H.  J.  Webber,  Citriculture,  Director  of  Citrus  Experiment  Station. 
Hubert  E.  Van  Norman,  Dairy  Management. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 
L.  D.  Batchelor,  Orchard  Management. 
J.  C.  Whitten,  Pomology. 
*Frank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
R.  L.  Adams,  Farm  Management. 

W.  B.  Herms,  Entomology  and  Parasitology. 

F.  L.  Griffin,  Agricultural  Education. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

D.  R.  Hoagland,  Plant  Nutrition. 

G.  H.  Hart,  Veterinary  Science. 

L.  J.  Fletcher,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Edwin  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  to  the  Dean. 

division  of  forestry 

Walter  Mulford  Kmanuel  Fritz 

Donald  Bruce  Arthur  W.  Sampson 

Woodbridge  Metcalf  Francis  X.  Schumacher 


*  In  cooperation  with  office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,   U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


THE  RELATIVE  COST  OF  MAKING  LOGS 
FROM  SMALL  AND  LARGE  TIMBER 


By  DONALD  BEUCE 


The  stop  watch  has  for  many  years  been  used  by  efficiency  engineers 
in  analyzing  industrial  operations  along  many  lines.  Few  time  studies 
of  logging,  however,  have  ever  been  made  and  of  less  have  the  results 
been  made  available  through  publication.  The  study  which  is  to  be 
partly  described  in  this  bulletin  was  made  on  the  logging  operations  of 
three  representative  lumber  companies  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  each 
operating  with  modern  machinery  efficiently  handled.  One  of  the  three 
is  located  in  conditions  typical  of  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra,  one  in 
those  of  the  west  side,  while  the  third  is  intermediate.  Each  of  the 
three  companies  cooperated  cordially  and  extended  every  facility  for 
work.  Mr.  Swift  Berry,  Logging  Engineer  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service 
at  the  time  of  the  study,  also  gave  valuable  assistance  in  initiating  it. 

The  study  was  not  designed  to  prove  or  disprove  any  theory,  nor 
even  to  ascertain  any  specific  facts.  It  was  intended  rather  as  a  general 
investigation  of  the  factors  affecting  the  cost  of  logging.  Yet  while 
these  factors  were  many,  the  one  outstanding  result  of  the  wTork  was 
a  proof  of  the  excessive  cost  of  logging  small  timber  as  compared  to 
large,  when  methods  and  machinery  adapted  to  the  latter  are  used. 

The  present  bulletin  restricts  itself  entirely  to  log  making,  i.e., 
falling,  limbing,  marking  and  bucking.  The  following  pages  will 
show  that  it  costs  three  times  as  much  per  M.  B.  M.  to  make  logs  from 
18-inch  as  from  48-inch  trees,  and  that  below  that  diameter  the  costs 
undoubtedly  rise  rapidly  with  each  further  decrease  in  size. 

Table  I  and  figure  I  summarize  the  results  obtained.  In  the  figure 
it  will  be  noted  that  not  only  the  total  cost  but  that  of  three  out  of  four 
of  the  individual  operations  fall  rapidly  as  diameters  increase  up  to 
about  40  inches.  Limbing  alone  is  an  exception  and  its  relative  im- 
portance is  small.  Bucking  remains  practically  constant  for  the  largest 
sizes  although  its  decrease  for  small  sizes  is  most  rapid  of  all.  No 
figures  for  trees  under  18  inches  in  diameter  were  available,  but  the 
trend  of  the  curves  is  convincing  evidence  that  even  higher  costs  would 
be  encountered  for  these  smaller  sizes. 


318 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  I 

Effect  of  Tree  Diameter  on  Cost  of  Log  Making 

Diameter  Cost    per    M.    B.    M. 

breast  t A v 

high  Falling  Marking  Limbing         Bucking  Total 

18  $0.77  $0.18  $0.08  $1.02  $2.05 

20  .67  .17  .08  .84  1.76 

22  .60  .17  .09  .68   -   1.54 

24  .55  .16  .10  .58  1.39 

26  .50  .15  .12  .50  1.27 

28  .45  .13  .13  .44  1.15 

30  .41  .12  .14  .40  1.07 

32  .37  .10  .14  .38  .99 

34  .34  .09  .15  .36  .94 

36  .30  .08  .15  .35  .88 

38  .27  .07  .14  .34  .82 

40  .25  .06  .14  .33  .78 

42  .23  .05  .13  .33  .74 

44  .21  .04  .12  .33  .70 

46  .20  .04  .11  .33  .68 

48  .19  .03  .11  .33  .66 

"Wage  Scale  Used —  Per  day 

Fallers - $5.00 

Markers  4.75 

Limbers  4.25 

Buckers,  steam  saw,  head  5.00 

Buckers,  steam  saw,  second  4.25 

Buckers,  hand  4.50 


* 

*200 
180 

M 

Lim 

him 

? 

a — 

a 

Mat 
Fa// 

k/nc 
t'ng 

) 

c  — 

I? 

c 

/■SO 

B(/c 

Ton 

kinQ 

e — 

d 

e 

*^  120 

*  100 

d 

< 
3  .80 

60 
40 

e 

cf 

JO 

— £ 
a 

ki— 

i 

10 


44-      46      48 


20      ZZ       24      26      23      30       32      J4      36      36      40       42 
D/'amefer  />r€ast~  hiqh  —  //?ohes 

Fig.  1. — Effect  of  tree  diameter  on  cost  per  M.  B.  M.  of  log  making. 


Bulletin  339]  RELATIVE  COST  OF  MAKING  LOGS  319 

During  periods  of  rapidly  changing  wage  scales,  cost  figures  in 
dollars  and  cents  are  apt  to  be  misleading.  On  this  account  costs  were 
reckoned  in  minutes  of  labor  throughout  this  study  except  in  the  fore- 
going table  where  time  was  translated  into  money  at  the  wage  scale 
indicated  beneath.  All  wages  are  for  a  nominal  10-hour  day,  but  the 
value  of  a  minute  of  time  was  calculated  on  the  basis  of  the  actual 
number  of  minutes  worked  per  day  on  the  operations  studied,  a  some- 
what lower  figure. 

The  data  upon  which  the  conclusions  were  based  will  now  be 
described,  together  with  the  method  of  reaching  them.  Falling,  mark- 
ing, limbing  and  bucking  will  each  be  treated  separately. 


FALLING 

The  study  included  stop-watch  observations  on  the  falling  of  113 
trees,  having  a  scale  of  177  M.  B.  M.,  gross,  and  151  M.  B.  M.,  net. 
Measurements  of  diameter  and  volume  of  each  tree  and  the  exact  time 
for  each  of  the  following  items  was  recorded : 

"Walking''  (from  tree  to  tree),  "Swamping,"  "planning"  (look- 
ing over  ground,  deciding  on  direction  of  fall,  etc.),  "undercutting 
with  saw,"  "undercutting  with  axe,"  "barking,"  "preparing  to  saw': 
(including  preliminary  oiling  of  saw),  "sawing,"  "wedging,''  "tool 
fitting,"  "gathering  tools''  (preparatory  to  moving  to  next  tree  to  be 
failed),  "whistle"  (interval  between  the  close  of  work  and  the  whistle 
which  marked  the  end  of  day  for  yarders),  "delays"  (each  sort 
of  delay  being  separately  recorded). 

Table  II  is  a  summary  of  the  results  obtained  and  shows  not  only 
the  total  time  spent  on  each  of  the  above  listed  items,  but  also  the 
average  time  for  each  item  per  tree  and  the  per  cent  of  the  total  time. 
The  times  recorded  are  man-minutes  and  not  crew-minutes. 

Of  the  items  timed  it  is  obvious  that  some  will  be  independent  of 
tree  diameter  but  will  in  the  long  run  (though  varying  widely  in  indi- 
vidual cases)  tend  to  approach  a  constant  average  per  tree.  "Walk- 
ing" and  "gathering  tools"  are  clearly  of  this  nature,  and  it  is  there- 
fore reasonable  to  charge  to  each  tree  the  average  for  these  two  items 
given  in  Table  II,  totaling  1.69  minutes  per  tree.  This  figure  is  of 
course  independent  of  species  also. 

A  large  number  of  other  items  will  obviously  vary  with  the  diameter 
of  the  tree.    Some,  such  as  "sawing,"  "wedging,"  etc.,  were  unques- 
tionably of  this  class  while  in  the  case  of  others,  such  as  ' '  swamping, ' 
an  examination  of  the  data  was  necessary  to  permit  a  decision.     The 
items  finally  included  in  this  class  are  as  follows : 


320  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Planning, '     ''undercutting,'1   "barking,'1    "preparing  to  saw," 
sawing,"  "wedging,"  certain  "delays,"  such  as  "oiling,"  "setting 
spring  boards, ' '  etc. 

TABLE  II 

Summary  of  Time  Bequired  to  Fall  113  Trees 

Average  Time 

Minutes  Per  cent  of 

Operation  per  Tree,  Time 

Walking  0.96  1.91 

Swamping 1.48  2.96 

Planning 2.66  5.33 

Undercutting — saw    3.02  6.06 

Undercutting — axe 7.53  15.13 

Barking    3.93  7.91 

Preparing  to  saw  2.16  4.34 

Sawing   8.42  16.90 

Wedging  2.33  4.68 

Tool  Fitting 0.50  1.01 

Resting  12.97  26.05 

Gathering  Tools 0.73  1.45 

Whistle    0.51  1.02 

Delays    2.60  5.25 

TOTALS  49.80  100.00 

The  113  trees  observed  were  about  half  white  fir,  and  half  western 
yellow  pine.  As  a  preliminary  analysis  showed  that  the  differences 
between  the  times  for  trees  of  the  same  diameter  for  the  two  species 
was  almost  imperceptible,  the  two  were  averaged  together  at  first,  leav- 
ing until  later  the  more  precise  determination  of  the  effect  of  species. 
Table  III  shows  the  actual  averages  obtained  for  different  size  classes 
and  the  most  probable  true  values  for  the  same  as  adjusted  graphically. 

TABLE  III 

Influence  of  Diameter  on  Time  of  All  Falling  Items 
Directly  Affected  Thereby 


Diameter 
Class. 
Inches 

Average  time  for  items 

varying  with   diameter. 

Minutes    per    tree 

Same    adjusted 

graphically. 

Minutes  per  tree 

Basis 

Number 

Trees 

20-24 

23.4 

22.5 

16 

25-29 

24.9 

26.8 

32 

30-34 

33.5 

31.7 

27 

35-39 

36.9 

37.3 

23 

40-44 

44.8 

45.8 

9 

45-49 

59.7 

58.4 

5 

112* 

The  effect  of  species  was  now  studied,  and  it  was  found  that  the 
\v<s1ciii  yellow  pine  averaged  only  .71  of  1  per  cent  less  than  the  fore- 
going figures,  while  white  fir  averaged  .61  of  one  per  cent  more.  As  it 
seemed  best  to  express  all  results  in  terms  of  a  single  species,  western 
yellow  pine,  the  foregoing  deduction  (.71%)  was  mad(!. 


'  One  53 -inch  troo  was  <]ise;ird<Ml. 


Bulletin  339] 


RELATIVE   COST   OF   MAKING  LOGS 


321 


The  remaining  time  items  are  such  as  " resting"  and  other  general 
delays  which  can  most  properly  be  handled  by  prorating  them  against 
the  other  times  already  discussed.  Since  they  amount  to  35.9%  of  the 
whole  time  they  can  be  cared  for  by  adding  to  the  other  items, 

.359 


1.000— .359 


=  56%. 


Table  IV  shows  the  final  computation  of  the  time  chargeable  to 
trees  of  various  diameters,  and  of  the  time-cost  per  M.  B.  M.  therefor. 

TABLE  IV 

Time  Cost  of  Falling  as  Affected  by  Tree  Diameter 


Time    per    tree — minutes 

A 

A+B 

Total 
(A  +  B  multiplied 
hy   1.56   to  pro- 
rate   all    other 
items) 

Average 
gross  vol- 
ume per 

tree, 
M.  B.  M. 

Time    per 
M.  B.  M. 

gross 
scale, 
Minutes 

Diameter 

Breast  High. 

Inches 

A 

Items  vary- 
ing with 
diameter  * 

B 

Items 

constant 

per    tree 

18 

18.2 

1.7 

19.9 

31.0 

.40 

77.5 

20 

19.4 

1.7 

21.1 

32.9 

.50 

65.8 

22 

20.8 

1.7 

22.5 

35.1 

.59 

59.5 

24 

22.2 

1.7 

23.9 

37.3 

.68 

54.8 

26 

23.8 

1.7 

25.5 

39.8 

.79 

50.3 

28 

25.3 

1.7 

27.0 

42.1 

.93 

45.2 

30 

27.1 

1.7 

28.8 

44.9 

1.11 

40.5 

32 

29.1 

1.7 

30.8 

48.0 

1.31 

37.6 

34 

31.4 

1.7 

33.1 

51.6 

1.54 

33.5 

36 

33.8 

1.7 

35.5 

55.3 

1.86 

29.7 

38 

36.6 

1.7 

38.3 

59.7 

2.21 

27.0 

40 

40.0 

1.7 

41.7 

65.0 

2.63 

24.7 

42 

44.1 

1.7 

45.8 

71.5 

3.14 

22.8 

44 

49.1 

1.7 

50.8 

79.3 

3.78 

21.0 

46 

55.8 

1.7 

57.5 

89.7 

4.54 

19.7 

48 

60.6 

1.7 

62.3 

97.2 

5.10 

19.1 

The  second  column  is  taken  from  the  same  curve  as  column  3  of 
Table  III  but  now  read  for  every  2  inch  increase  in  diameter.  The 
third  is  from  Table  II.  The  fourth  is  the  sum  of  the  second  and  third. 
The  fifth  is  obtained  by  multiplying  the  fourth  by  1.56,  to  allow  for 
the  time  of  resting  and  delays.  Column  6  is  taken  from  a  local  volume 
table  in  preparing  which  the  average  volumes  of  trees  of  different 
diameters,  as  scaled  on  the  logging  operation  studied,  were  computed. 
The  final  column  is,  then,  column  5  divided  by  column  6. 

Column  2  of  the  original  table  I  was  now  derived  directly  therefrom 
by  allowing  for  cull  (7.4%  of  the  gross  volume)  and  then  multiplying 
by  the  cost  of  a  minute's  time. 


MAEKING 

The  marking  of  the  trees  into  proper  lengths  for  bucking  into  logs 
is  not  an  important  operation  from  the  standpoint  of  cost.  Observa- 
tions were  therefore  made  on  but  51  trees  which  scaled  115  M.  B.  M. 


322 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


gross  and  100  M.  B.  M.  net,  of  which  44  were  western  yellow  pine.  The 
log  lengths  marked  averaged  slightly  over  16  feet.  Table  V  summarizes 
the  data  obtained. 

TABLE  V 

Summary  of  Time  Required  to  Mark  51  Trees 

Average  Time  per  Per  cent  of 

Operation  Tree — Minutes  Total  Time 

"Walking  60  5.46 

Marking   6.20  56.63 

Resting  4.15  37.91 

Totals   10.95  100.00 

As  in  the  case  of  falling,  the  time  items  fall  into  three  classes,  those 
independent  of  tree  sizes  (in  this  case  "walking"),  those  varying 
directly  with  it  ("marking"),  and  those  which  must  be  prorated 
against  all  other  items  ("resting").  The  "marking"  proper,  how- 
ever, is  more  closely  correlated  with  tree  height  than  with  diameter, 
and  this  relation  was  investigated  first. 

Some  of  the  trees  had  been  limbed  previous  to  marking  and  some 
had  not ;  as  has  already  been  stated  two  species  were  observed.  It 
was  of  course  necessary  to  reduce  the  measurements  to  a  common  basis. 
The  question  of  species  was  handled  by  omitting  the  white  firs,  which 
were  few  in  number.  Using  only  the  yellow  pine  data,  a  preliminary 
study  showed  that  trees  which  had  not  previously  been  limbed 
averaged  about  13.5%  longer  in  marking  time  than  those  which  had. 
The  times  for  the  former  trees  were  therefore  reduced  by  this  per  cent 
and  then  averaged  with  those  for  the  latter.  The  results  are  given  in 
Table  VI  which  also  shows  the  calculations  for  the  inclusion  of  the 
time  of  "walking"  and  of  "resting." 

TABLE  VI 

Time  Cost  of  Marking  Trees  Not  Previously  Limbed  as  Affected  by 

Tree  Height 


Number   of 
Trees   ob- 
served 

A— 

-Mai 

A 

•king 

B — Walking 

Average  Time 

per  Tree 

— Minutes 

A  +  B 

Total    in- 
eluding    rest- 
ing.  (A  +  B) 
XI. 61 

Height    in 

Logs 

t 
Average  Time, 
Minutes 

> 
Same, 
Curved 

2 

1 

2.9 

3.1 

.6 

3.7 

5.9 

3 

6 

4.5 

4.6 

.6 

5.2 

8.4 

4 

22 

6.2 

6.1 

.6 

6.7 

10.8 

5 

10 

7.0 

7.6 

.6 

8.2 

13.3 

6 

5 

1  0.2 

9.2 

.6 

9.8 

15.7 

A  recalculation  now  showed  that  previous  limbing  reduced  the 
"marking"  time  by  10  per  cent. 

While  to  express  marking  time  in  terms  of  height  is  the  most  logical 
procedure  it  is  impossible  to  correlate  the  figures  thus  compiled  with 


Bulletin  339] 


RELATIVE   COST   OF   MAKING  LOGS 


323 


those  already  calculated 
translate  them  into  terms 
be  done. 


for   falling.     It   is   therefore   desirable   to 
of  diameter ;  Table  VII  shows  how  this  may 


TABLE  VII 

Time  Cost  of 

Marking  as  Affected 

by  Diameter 

Diameter 

Breast 

High 

Inches 

Average 
Merchantable 

Height 
Logs    (16    ft.) 

Time  per 

Tree — 

Minutes 

Average    Gross 
Volume  per 

Tree 
M.    B.   M. 

Time 

per    M.    B.    M 

Gross    Scale 

Minutes 

18 

2.8 

7.9 

.40 

19.7 

20 

3.4 

9.3 

.50 

18.6 

22 

3.9 

10.6 

.59 

18.0 

24 

4.3 

11.6 

.68 

17.1 

26 

4.7 

12.6 

.79 

15.9 

28 

4.9 

13.0 

.93 

14.0 

30 

5.1 

13.5 

1.11 

12.2 

32 

5.3 

14.0 

1.31 

10.7 

34 

5.5      , 

14.5 

1.54 

9.4 

36 

5.7 

15.0 

1.86 

8.1 

38 

5.9 

15.5 

2.21 

7.0 

40 

6.1 

L5.9 

2.63 

6.0 

42 

6.3 

16.4 

3.14 

5.2 

44 

6.5 

16.9 

3.78 

4.5 

46 

6.7 

17.5 

4.54 

3.9 

48 

7.0 

18.2 

5.10 

3.6 

Column  2  of  this  table  was  derived  from  a  curve  showing  the  mer- 
chantable height  of  trees  of  various  diameters,  the  basis  for  which  was 
all  the  trees  measured  on  the  operation  located  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Sierra,  both  in  connection  with  falling,  marking  and  limbing.  Column 
3  is  derived  from  the  final  column  of  Table  VI,  the  values  being  inter- 
polated and  exterpolated  to  correspond  to  the  exact  heights  given  in 
Column  2.  Column  4  is  obtained  from  the  volume  table  already  de- 
scribed on  page  321.  Column  5  is  column  3  divided  by  column  4.  This 
final  column  was  the  basis  for  column  3  of  Table  I,  allowance  first 
being  made  for  cull,  amounting  to  13.2%,  and  the  modified  times  then 
being  multiplied  by  the  cost  per  minute  based  on  the  wage  stated. 

It  will  readily  be  seen  that  Table  VII  should  not  be  expected  to 
apply  accurately  to  any  operation  other  than  that  from  which  the 
data  were  obtained.  The  relation  between  height  and  diameter,  that 
between  volume  and  diameter,  and  the  cull  percentage  might  well  all 
be  different  in  another  region.  Furthermore,  the  high  percentage  of 
time  used  for  resting  (Table  V),  indicates  that  the  marker  was  not  kept 
very  busy  by  the  organization  studied.  All  these  factors  might  modify 
the  actual  costs  under  different  circumstances,  but  should  not  affect 
materially  the  relation  between  the  costs  for  large  trees  and  small. 


324  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

LIMBING 

Observations  were  made  on  the  limbing  done  by  three  different 
workmen  of  125  trees,  having  a  scale  of  210  M.  B.  M.  gross,  and  180 
M.  B.  M.  net.    Table  VIII  summarizes  the  results. 

TABLE  VIII 

Summary  of  Time  Eequired  to  Limb  125  Trees 

Average    Time  Per    cent 

per  Tree —  of  Total 

Operation  Minutes  Time 

Waiting  for  fallers  8.17  33.58 

Walking  89  3.65 

Preparing   to   work 06  .23 

Chopping    11.42  46.97 

Eesting  3.58  14.72 

Miscellaneous    21  .85 


Totals    24.33  100.00 

The  most  striking  figures  in  this  summary  are  the  percentages  of 
time  spent  in  waiting  for  fallers  and  in  resting,  which  together  amount 
to  48  per  cent  of  the  total.  It  is  obvious  that  the  men  were  not  kept 
very  busy  and  that  the  costs  calculated  on  the  basis  of  their  work  may 
prove  abnormally  high.  As  in  the  case  of  marking  however,  the  relative 
costs  for  different  sizes  of  trees  should  be  reliable. 

Using  the  same  grouping  as  in  the  previous  cases  it  will  readily  be 
scon  that  ''chopping'1  should  vary  with  the  diameter  of  the  tree, 
'walking"  and  "preparing  to  work"  should  be  treated  as  a  constant 
time  per  tree,  while  the  remaining  items  may  be  prorated.  Table  IX 
shows  the  computations  by  which  the  time  cost  per  M.  B.  M.  are  worked 
out. 

Column  A  is  obtained  by  graphically  averaging  the  actual  times 
spent  in  chopping  on  trees  of  different  diameters,  using  only  the  west- 
ern yellow  pine,  71  in  number.  Column  B  is  taken  directly  from 
Table  VIII.  The  next  column  adds  these  two  items  together,  while  the 
fifth  prorates  the  remaining  items.  Column  6  is  taken  from  the  volume 
table  already  described,  and  column  7  is  derived  by  dividing  column 
5  by  column  6. 

From  this  final  column,  column  4  of  Table  I  was  derived  by  allow- 
ing for  cull  (7.5%  in  the  case  of  the  yellow  pine  limbed)  and  multiply- 
ing by  the  cost  of  a  minute's  time. 


Bulletin  339] 


RELATIVE   COST   OF   MAKING   LOGS 


325 


TABLE  IX 

Time  Cost  of  Limbing  as  Affected  by  Tree  Diameter 
Time    per   Tree,    Minutes 


Diameter 
Breast 

High- 
Inches 

t 

A 

Chopping 

B 

Walking 

and 
Preparing 

A  +  B 

Total 
(A+B    multi- 
plied by  1.966 
to    prorate 
other  items) 

Average 
gross 
volume 
~  per  Tree 
M.  B.  M. 

Time  per 

M.   B.  M. 

Gross 

Scale 

Minutes 

18 

.9 

.9 

1.8 

3.5 

.40 

8.7 

20 

1.4 

.9 

2.3 

4.5 

.50 

9.0 

22 

2.2 

.9 

3.1 

6.1 

.59 

10.3 

24 

3.3 

.9 

4.2 

8.3 

.68 

12.2 

26 

4.6 

.9 

5.6 

11.0 

.79 

13.9 

28 

6.4 

.9 

7.3 

14.3 

.93 

15.4 

30 

8.2 

.9 

9.1 

17.9 

1.11 

16.1 

32 

10.3 

.9 

11.2 

22.0 

1.31 

16.8 

34 

12.7 

.9 

13.6 

26.7 

1.54 

17.3 

36 

15.2 

.9 

16.1 

31.6 

1.86 

17.0 

38 

17.8 

.9 

18.7 

36.8 

2.21 

16.7 

40 

20.6 

.9 

21.5 

42.3 

2.63 

16.1 

42 

23.5 

.9 

24.4 

48.0 

3.14 

15.3 

44 

26.6 

.9 

27.5 

54.0 

3.78 

14.3 

46 

29.7 

.9 

30.6 

60.2 

4.54 

13.2 

48 

33.0 

.9 

33.9 

66.6 

5.10 

13.1 

The  fact  that  medium-size  trees  are  more  expensive  to  limb  than 
either  very  small  or  very  large  ones  can  probably  be  explained  by  the 
fact  that  in  the  former  the  limbs,  while  numerous,  are  light  and  easily 
removed  while  the  latter  have  their  large  limbs  concentrated  at  the 
top  above  the  merchantable  portion  of  the  trunk. 

BUCKING 
This  is  the  most  important  of  the  operations  of  log  making  from  the 
standpoint  of  cost,  and  was  therefore  studied  more  exhaustively  than 
the  others.  In  both  the  camps  where  observations  were  made,  trees  were 
bucked  into  long  lengths  in  the  woods  by  hand,  yarded  in  this  form, 
and  then  further  bucked  into  short  car  lengths  by  steam  saw  in  a 
chute  at  the  landing.  Studies  were  therefore  made  of  both  hand 
bucking  and  steam-saw  bucking. 


HAND  BUCKING 

Times  were  recorded  for  346  cuts,  made  by  five  different  laborers, 
and  with  a  scale  of  432  M.  B.  M.,  gross,  and  416  M.  B.  M.  net.  Table  X 
summarizes  the  results. 


326  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

TABLE  X 

Summary  of  Time  Bequired  to  Buck  346  Cuts  by  Hand 

Average  Time  per  Tree —     Per  cent  of 
Operation  Minutes  Total   Time 

Walking 99  3.42 

Preparing  to  work  35  1.21 

Swamping    ,. '  3.60  12.40 

Chopping    63  2.17 

Sawing   10.36  35.68 

Wedging  1.D1  3.49    ■ 

Oiling  Saw  83  2.85 

Gathering  tools  53  1.82 

Besting  5.11  17.60 

Filling  oil  bottle  09  .30 

Blocking  up  11  .39 

Changing  ax  .04  .13 

Getting  wedges 27  .94 

Changing  sides  06  .22 

Preparing  to  undersaw  12  .42 

Adjusting  undercutter  13  .43 

Looking  over  situation  27  .99 

Beleasing  saw  02  .07 

Tool  sharpening,  fitting 14  .48 

Looking  for  mark  03  .12 

Walking  in  and  out  3.54  12.17 

Non-classifiable    78  2.70 

Totals   29.01  100.00 

As  an  inspection  of  the  data  revealed  a  marked  variation  between 
the  different  buekers  a  preliminary  study  was  made  to  determine  their 
relative  efficiency,  etc.,  the  resulting  figures  being  as  follows:  .88; 
1.16;  1.20;  .86;  .88;  (1.00  being  the  average  of  the  five).  These  effi- 
ciency factors  apply  to  the  time  of  items  varying  with  diameter  only 
and  is  independent  of  the  amount  of  time  spent  resting.  They  were 
used  to  bring  the  times  of  the  individual  workmen  to  a  common 
standard  before  attempting  to  determine  the  influence  of  diameter. 

The  investigation  then  followed  the  lines  already  described.  The 
items  varying  with  diameter  were  in  this  case,  "sawing,"  " chopping, ' : 
"  wedging, "  and  "oiling";  the  effect  of  diameter  on  these  items,  after 
graphic,  averaging,  is  given  in  the  first  two  columns  of  Table  XT. 
"Walking,"  "preparing  to  work,"  "gathering  tools,"  and  "swamp- 
ing," which  may  obviously  be  treated  as  constant  per  cut,  are  found 
in  Table  X  to  total  5.5  minutes,  and  this  amount  is  added  to  give 
column  B  of  Table  XT.  The  remaining  items  include  36.96%  of  the 
total  time,  and  this  amount  is  prorated  in  column  C.  The  final  column 
I),  is  obtained  by  dividing  each  value  of  column  C  by  the  scale  of  a 
16- foot  log  of  the  corresponding  diameter  (Scribner,  Dec.  C  log  rule). 

The  use  of  16-foot  logs  in  computing  this  last  column  is  to  give 
results  comparable  to  those  which  would  have  been  obtained  had  all 


Bulletin  339] 


RELATIVE   COST   OF   MAKING  LOGS 


327 


the  bucking  been  done  by  hand  in  the  woods.  It  might  at  first  appear 
that  a  serious  inaccuracy  is  involved  therein,  on  account  of  the  fact 
that  the  workmen  would  have  less  walking  to  do  between  cuts  in  buck- 
ing short  lengths  than  they  had  in  the  operations  studied.  It  will  be 
observed,  however,  in  Table  X,  that  "walking"  only  occupies  3.42% 
of  the  total  time  and  as  much  of  this  is  between  trees,  instead  of  be- 
tween cuts,  the  possible  savings  therein  must  be  relatively  insignificant. 


TABLE  XI 
Time  Cost  of  Hand  Bucking  as  Affected  by  Diameter  of  Cut 

Time  per  Tree — Minutes 


Diameter  of  Cut 

Inside  Bark 

— Inches 

8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 

The  final  figures  are  moreover  slightly  artificial  because  of  the  use 
of  the  standard  16-foot  log  length.  If  they  are  to  be  compared  with 
those  of  some  other  operation  in  which  the  logs  average  for  example, 
18  feet  long,  they  should  be  reduced  by  multiplying  them  by  16/18. 
This  will,  of  course,  not  disturb  the  relative  costs  of  the  different  sizes. 

Cost  figures  for  long-length  bucking  are  usually  based  on  the  entire 
scale  of  the  long  logs  manufactured,  rather  than  on  the  16-foot  section 
below  each  cut.  It  is  useless  to  compute  such  figures,  however,  for 
logs  of  various  top  diameters,  since  the  scale  of  a  log  of  any  given 
diameter  is  not  a  constant,  but  varies  with  its  length.  Such  figures 
may,  on  the  other  hand,  properly  be  based  on  tree  diameter,  and  this 
has  been  done  in  Table  XV,  hereafter  to  be  presented. 


A 

Sawing, 

chopping, 

wedging  and 

oiling 

B 
Same,  plus  walk- 
ing,  gathering 
tools,  etc. 
(A  +  5.5) 

C 

Same,    corrected 
to  prorate  de- 
lays, etc. 
(BX1.586) 

D 

Time  per  M.  B.  M 

Gross  Scale, 

16  foot  logs, 

Minutes 

2.2 

7.7 

12.2 

407.0 

2.9 

8.4 

13.3 

221.7 

3.7 

9.2 

14.6 

182.4 

4.5 

10.0 

15.9 

144.5 

5.2 

10.7 

17.0 

106.2 

6.1 

11.6 

18.4 

87.6 

7.2 

12.7 

20.1 

71.8 

8.3 

13.8 

21.9 

.66.4 

10.0 

15.5 

24.6 

61.5 

11.8 

17.3 

27.4 

54.8 

13.8 

19.3 

30.6 

52.7 

16.0 

21.5 

34.1 

51.6 

18.5 

24.0 

38.1 

51.5 

21.1 

26.6 

42.2 

52.7 

23.5 

29.0 

46.0 

50.0 

26.3 

31.8 

50.4 

47.1 

28.9 

34.4 

54.6 

45.5 

32.0 

37.5 

59.5 

44.4 

34.5 

40.0 

63.4 

42.8 

37.4 

42.9 

68.0 

42.8 

40.3 

45.8 

72.6 

42.0 

43.3 

48.8 

77.4 

41.3 

46.4 

51.9 

82.3 

40.8 

49.7 

55.2 

87.5 

40.1 

52.8 

58.3 

92.5 

39.4 

328  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


STEAM-SAW  BUCKING 

Studies  were  made  of  two  steam  saws,  but  on  analysis,  it  was  found 
that  one  of  the  saws  was  so  inefficient  that  the  values  obtained  there- 
from were  irregular  and  confusing,  and  of  little  value.  The  summary 
of  the  study  of  the  saw  which  was  functioning  properly  is  given  in 
Table  XII,  233  cuts  having  been  observed,  with  a  scale  of  173  M.  B.  M., 
gross. 

TABLE  XII 

Summary  of  Time  Eequired  to  Buck  233  Cuts  by  Steam  Saw 

Average  Time  Per  cent  of 

Operation  per  Cut — Minutes  Total   Time 

Waiting   for   swing   donkey   3.02  61.47 

Spotting  18  3.60 

Eeleasing  choker  24  4.96 

Setting  dogs  19  3.87 

Sawing 94  19.19 

Releasing  saw  21  4.21 

Looking  for  mark  01  .17 

Landing  delay 06  1.31 

Lining  up  saw  01  .29 

Engine  trouble  01  .12 

Saw   trouble    01  .25 

Chute  trouble 01  .27 

Out  of  chute 01  .15 

Stopping  to  wedge  01  .06 

Miscellaneous    01  .08 

Totals    4.92  100.00 

Of  these  cuts  190  were  in  western  yellow  pine  and  these  only  were 
used  in  studying  the  effect  of  diameter  on  time.  The  time  items  af- 
fected by  diameter  were  in  this  case  "spotting,"  "setting  dogs," 
: 'sawing,"  "releasing  saw,''  "looking  for  mark,'  "lining  up  saw, ': 
and  "stopping  to  wedge."  The  remaining  items,  amounting  to  68.61% 
of  the  total,  are  all  of  the  sort  which  should  be  prorated.  Table  XIII 
shows  the  resulting  figures.  The  values  in  column  B  have  been 
graphically  averaged,  and  those  of  the  final  column  have  been  slightly 
adjusted  to  eliminate  an  irregularity  which  resulted  from  the  irregular 
progressions  of  the  Scribner  rule. 


Bulletin  339]  RELATIVE  COST  OF  MAKING  LOGS  329 

TABLE  XIII 

Time  Cost  of  Steam  Saw  Bucking  as  Affected  by  Diameter  of  Cut 


A 

B 

C 

D 

Diameter  of 

Cut  Inside  Bark 

— Inches 

Time  of  Items 

Dependent  on 

Diameter — 

Minutes  per  cut 

Time,    all   items 

BX3.14 
Minutes  per  cut 

Time  per  M.  B.  M. 

Gross  Scale,  16  foot 

Logs — Minutes 

12 

.8 

2.4 

.30 

13 

.8 

2.5 

.26 

14 

.8 

2.5 

.23 

15 

.8 

2.6 

.20 

16 

.9 

2.7 

.17 

17 

.9 

2.8       . 

.16 

18 

.9 

3.0 

.14 

19 

1.0 

3.1 

.13 

20 

1.0 

3.3 

.12 

21 

1.1 

3.6 

.12 

22 

1.2 

3.8 

.11 

23 

1.3 

4.0 

.11 

24 

1.4 

4.3 

.11 

25 

1.5 

4.6 

.10 

26 

1.6 

4.9 

.10 

27 

1.7 

5.3 

.10 

28 

1.8 

5.6 

.09 

29 

1.9 

5.9 

.09 

30 

2.0 

6.3 

.09 

31 

2.1 

6.7 

.09 

32 

2.2 

7.1 

.09 

33 

2.4 

7.6 

.10 

34 

2.5 

8.1 

.10 

35 

2.7 

8.6 

.10 

36 

2.9 

9.3 

.11 

37 

3.1 

9.9 

.11 

38 

3.3 

10.6 

.12 

Bucking  of  Trees  by  Combination  of  Two  Methods 

The  foregoing  tables  show  the  time  cost  of  bucking  logs  of  various 
diameters,  and  it  now  remains  to  investigate  the  bucking  cost  for  trees 
of  various  diameters.  This  will  depend  in  part  on  the  height  and  form 
of  the  trees  of  each  diameter  class,  and  in  part  on  the  relative  amounts 
of  bucking  done  by  hand  and  left  to  the  steam  saw.  It  is  therefore 
impossible  to  arrive  at  figures  which  are  universally  applicable,  but 
it  is  possible  to  work  out  conclusions  reasonably  accurate  for  the  log- 
ging operation  studied. 


330 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  XIV 
Time  Cost  of  Bucking,  Part  in  Woods  by  Hand,  and  Part  on  Landing  by 

Steam  Saw,  as  Affected  by  Tree  Diameter 


Diameter    Average 
Breast  High  Height 
— Inches      Logs 

Diameter  Inside 

Bark — Inches, 

of  Logs  Bucked  in 

A 

Gross 

Scale 

Scribner 

D.  C. 

Feet  B.  M. 

Time— 

-Minutes 

A 

Time  per  M.  B.  M. 

gross  scale — 

Minutes 

A 

r 

Woods 

Chute 

r 
Woods 

Chute 

Woods    '       Chute 

18             3 

8 

12 

32 
79 

12.2 

2.4 

14 

114 

2.6 

. 

225 

12.2 

5.0 

54.2         22.2 

20             3 

9 

13 
-15 

40 

97 

142 

12.7 

2.5 
2.6 

279 

12.7 

5.1 

45.5         18.3 

22              4 

9 

13 

15 
17 

40 

97 

142 

185 

12.7 

2.5 
26 
2.9 

464 

12.7 

8.0 

27.4         17.2 

24             4 

9 

14 
16 

18 

40 
114 
159 
213 

12.7 

2.6 

2.7 
3.0 

526 

12.7 

8.3 

24.1          15.8 

26             4 

9 

14 
18 
20 

40 
114 
213 

280 

12.7 

2.5 
3.0 
3.3 

647 

12.7 

8.8 

19.6          13.6 

28             5 

9 

15 
18 
20 
22 

40 
142 
213 

280 
334 

12.7 

2.6 
3.0 
3.3 
3.8 

. 

1009 

12.7 

12.7 

12.6          12.6  ' 

30             5 

9 

16 
19 
22 
23 

40 
159 
240 
334 
377 

12.7 

2.7 
3.2 
3.8 
4.0 

1150 

12.7 

13.7 

11.0          11.9 

32             5 

10 

17 
20 
23 
25 

50 
185 
280 
377 
459 

13.3 

2.8 
3.3 
4.0 
4.6 

1351 

13.3 

14.7 

9.8          10.9 

34              6 

9 
23 

16 

21. 

26 

27 

40 
159 
304 
377 

500 
548 

12.7 
23.2 

2.7 
3.6 

4.9 

5.3 

1928 


35.9 


16.5 


18.6 


8.6 


Bulletin  339] 


RELATIVE   COST   OF   MAKING  LOGS 


331 


TABLE   XIV— 

(Concluded) 

Diameter    Average 
Breast  High  Height 
— Inches       Logs 

Diameter  Inside 

Bark — Inches, 

of  Logs  Bucked  in 

"    A 

Gross 

Scale 

Scribner 

D.  C. 

Feet  B.   Id 

Time— 

-Minutes 

A 

Time  per  M.  B.  M. 

gross  scale — 

Minutes 

A 

"Woods 

Chute 

r 

[.    Woods 

Chute 

Woods           Chute 

36               6 

9 

25 

17 
22 

27 
29 

40 
185 
334 
459 

548 
609 

12.7 
26.0 

2.8 
3.8 

5.3 
5.9 

2175 

38.7 

17.8 

17.8           8.2 

38              6 

10 
26 

18 
23 

28 
31 

50 
213 
377 
500 
582 
710 

13.3 
27.4 

3.0 
4.0 

5.6 

6.7 

2432 

40.7 

19.3 

16.7           7.0 

40             6 

10 

27 

19 
24 

30 
32 

50 
240 
404 
548 
657 
736 

13.3 

28.9 

3.1 

4.3 

6.3 
7.1 

2635 

42.2 

20.8 

16  0           7.9 

42             6 

10 
29 

20 
25 

31 
34 

50 
280 
459 
609 
710 
800 

13.3 
32.3 

3.3 
4.6 

6.7 
8.1 

2908 

45.6 

22.7 

15.7           7.8 

44             7 

10 
34 

19 
25 
29 

32 

36 

50 
240 
459 
609 
736 
800 
923 

13.3 
42.2 

3.1 
4.6 
5.9 
7.1 

9.3 

3817 

55.5 

30.0 

14.5           7.9 

46              7 

11 

20 

65 

280 

13.9 

3.3 

26 

500 

4.9 

30 

33 

657 

784 

34.1 

7.6 

36 

38 

923 
1068 

46.0 

10.6 

4277 

94.0 

26.4 

22.0           6.2 

48              7 

11 

31 
37 

21 

27 

35 
39 

65 
304 
548 
710 
876 
1029 
1120 

13.9 

36.1 

48.2 

3.6 
5.3 

8.6 

11.4 

4652 


98.2 


28.9 


21.1 


6.2 


332  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Table  XIV  gives  the  computations  involved.  Column  1  and  2  are 
derived  from  the  height-diameter  study  already  described  (page  323). 
The  values  of  columns  3  and  4  are  taken  from  the  standard  taper 
table  for  western  yellow  pine  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service.  This  table 
is  not  exactly  applicable  to  the  type  of  timber  which  was  studied,  but 
since  any  differences  will  tend  to  modify  both  the  diameters  cut  and 
the  volumes  produced  in  the  same  direction,  it  can  be  used  here  with- 
out serious  error.  A  careful  study  of  the  data  showed  that  it  was 
customary  for  the  buckers  in  the  woods  to  saw  a  single  top  cut  for 
trees  up  to  and  including  32  inches  in  diameter,  to  divide  into  two  logs 
trees  from  34  to  44  inches,  inclusive,  and  to  divide  into  3  logs  all 
larger  trees.  (This  represents  the  average  practice  only  and  was  not 
followed  at  all  rigidly.)  The  values  were  assigned  to  Column  3  or  4 
to  agree  with  this  procedure.  Column  5  gives  the  scale  of  the  logs  and 
of  the  trees.  Columns  6  and  7  give  the  time  required  to  make  the 
various  cuts,  their  values  being  taken  from  column  D  of  Table  XI, 
and  column  D  of  Table  XIII,  respectively.  The  final  columns,  8  and 
9,  are  columns  6  and  7,  respectively,  divided  by  column  5,  and  with 
the  decimal  point  shifted  to  express  the  results  in  terms  of  thousands 
of  feet  B.  M. 

From  the  final  columns,  column  5  of  the  original  Table  I  (p.  318) 
was  derived  by  allowing  for  cull,  multiplying  by  the  proper  cost  of  a 
minute's  time,  and  graphically  adjusting  slight  irregularities. 

GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS  AND  CONCLUSIONS 

The  foregoing  tables  have  been  presented  at  length  not  only  to 
support  the  conclusion  stated  on  page  317,  but  also  because  it  is  felt 
that  there  is  much  information  therein  which  may  prove  of  value  to 
lumbermen  who  are  studying  the  details  of  their  operations  with  a 
view  to  increased  efficiency.  Physical  conditions  vary  widely  between 
the  several  lumbering  regions  of  the  state  and  even  between  different 
logging  units  of  a  single  operation,  and  it  is  therefore  futile  to  hope 
for  figures  of  exact  applicability  everywhere.  It  has  been  found, 
however,  that  analyzed  figures  on  details  will  often  apply  where  totals 
will  not.  For  example,  the  time  required  to  fall  a  tree  of  a  given 
diameter  was  substantially  the  same  on  the  different  operations  studied, 
but  the  cost  per  M.  B.  M.  varied  widely  on  account  of  the  variation  in 
height  and  volume  between  trees  of  the  same  diameter;  that  is,  Table 
XIV,  would  not  apply  well  to  regions  where  the  timber  is  very  tall,  but 
it  would  be  relatively  easy  to  construct  from  the  detailed  figures  pre- 
viously presented  a  similar  table  which  would  be  approximately  correct 
for  any  known  conditions. 


Bulletin  339]  RELATIVE  COST  OF  MAKING  LOGS  333 

Throughout  this  study  unessential  refinements  have  been  avoided, 
and  the  highest  degree  of  simplicity  consistent  with  reliable  results 
has  been  sought.  In  some  instances  slight  inaccuracies  have  been 
accepted  as  preferable  to  complexity,  but  only  where  it  could  be  clearly 
seen  that  they  were  of  negligible  importance. 

It  is  of  interest  to  consider  the  probable  causes  which  underlie  the 
high  cost  per  M.  B.  M.  of  manufacturing  small  logs.  These  are  three 
in  number : 

1.  The  Scribner  log  rule  (as  well  as  the  Spaulding)  is  ultra-con- 
servative in  the  values  assigned  to  small  logs ;  whereas  an  overrun  of 
6%  is  to  be  expected  for  48-inch  trees,  as  much  as  24%  should  be 
obtained  from  18-inch  trees.  Were  the  results  of  Table  I  expressed 
in  terms  of  lumber  tally  instead  of  log  scale,  therefore,  the  cost  of  log 
making  from  the  smallest  size  tree  would  be  only  2%  times  instead 
of  three  times  that  from  the  largest. 

2.  The  yield  in  lumber  per  cubic  foot  of  actual  volume  is  relatively 
smaller  for  small  logs  than  for  large  on  account  of  the  larger  per- 
centage of  waste  involved  in  sawing  lumber  therefrom.  Costs  per 
cubic  foot  of  volume  would  be  less  unfavorable  to  the  smaller  sizes,  and 
on  this  basis  the  ratio  between  the  costs  of  18-  and  48-inch  trees  is 
further  reduced  to  1%  to  1.  This  fact  has  obviously  little  practical 
significance,  however,  in  connection  with  present-day  manufacturing 
methods. 

3.  The  remaining  important  factor  is  the  large  amount  of  time 
which  must  be  spent  on  every  tree  and  on  every  log  regardless  of  its 
size  and  which,  in  the  case  of  small  trees,  must  be  charged  against  the 
small  volume  obtainable. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  not  intended  to  point  a  moral  with  these  figures. 
They  are,  in  themselves,  striking,  and  suggest  many  lines  of  thought 
and  further  investigation.  In  particular  the  question  arises  as  to 
whether,  in  the  subsequent  handling  of  the  logs,  both  in  the  woods  and 
in  the  sawmill,  the  same  relatively  high  costs  will  apply  to  the  product 
of  the  smaller  trees.  The  relative  value  of  the  lumber  product  of  large 
and  small  trees  is  also  a  point  at  issue.  Data  have  already  been 
gathered  on  some  phases  of  these  questions  which  will  be  published  at  a 
later  date. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS   AVAILABLE   FOR   FEEE   DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 


No.  No. 

185.  Report  of  Progress  in  Cereal  Investiga-  299. 

tions.  300. 

241.  Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I.  304. 
246.  Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  II. 

251.  Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic  308. 

Matter    in    Septic    and    Imhoff    Tank 

Sludges. 

253.  Irrigation    and    Soil    Conditions    in    the  309. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 

261.  Melaxuma  of  the  Walnut,  "Juglansregia."  310. 

262.  Citrus    Diseases    of    Florida    and    Cuba  312. 

Compared  with  Those  of  California.  313. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives.  316. 

266.  A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the  317. 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind.  318. 

267.  Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus.  320. 

268.  Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings.  321. 

270.  A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi-  323. 

ennial   Cropping,    and   Green   Manures 

on  the  Yield  of  Wheat.  324. 

271.  Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 

273.  Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vineyard  325. 
Experimental  Drain. 

275.  The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 

fornia. 328. 

276.  The  Pomegranate.  330. 

278.  Grain  Sorghums.  331. 

279.  Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California.  332. 

280.  Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento  334. 

Valley. 

282.  Trials  with   California   Silage   Crops   for  335. 

Dairy  Cows. 

283.  The  Olive  Insects  of  California.  336. 

285.  The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

286.  Commercial  Fertilizers.  337. 

287.  Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits.  339. 
294.  Bean  Culture  in  California. 

297.  The  Almond  in  California.  340. 

298.  Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 


The  Use  of  Lumber  on  California  Farms. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

A  Study  on  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 
Citrus  in  California. 

I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic 
Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Pro- 
perties of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid. 

I.  The  Carob  in  California.  II.  Nutritive 
Value  of  the  Carob  Bean. 

Plum  Pollination. 

Mariout  Barley. 

Pruning  Young  Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 

The  Kaki  or  Oriental  Persimmon. 

Selections  of  Stocks  in  Citrus  Propagation. 

The  Effects  of  Alkali  on  Citrus  Trees. 

Control  of  the  Coyote  in  California. 

Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

Heavy  vs.  Light  Grain  Feeding  for  Dairy 
Cows. 

Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing 
Temperatures. 

Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 
periments in  Sacramento  Valley,  1914- 
1919. 

Prune  Growing  in  California. 

Dehydration  of  Fruits. 

Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks. 

Walnut  Culture  in  California. 

Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwoods. 

Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy  Cows 
and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as  an 
Insecticide. 

Some  Factors  of  Dehydrater  Efficiency. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 
Small  and  Large  Timber. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  in  California. 


CIRCULARS 


No.  No. 

70.  Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn  165. 

Growing  in  California. 

82.  The  Common  Ground  Squirrels  of  Cali-  166. 

fornia.  167. 

87.  Alfalfa.  169. 

110.  Green  Manuring  in  California.  170. 

111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali- 

fornia Soils.  172. 

113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture.  173. 

115.  Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards.  174. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper.  175. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

128.  Insecticide  Formulas.  176. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

130.  Cabbage  Growing  in  California.  177. 
135.  Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows.  178. 
138.  The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture.  179. 
144.  Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 

148.  "Lungworms."  181. 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs.  182. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Handling 

of  Grain  in  California.  183. 

153.  Announcement    of    the    California    State  184. 

Dairy  Cow  Competition,  1916-18.  188. 

154.  Irrigation     Practice    in     Growing     Small  189. 

f'i  nits  in  California.  190. 

155.  Bovine  Tuberculosis.  193. 
157.  Control  of  the  Pear  Scab.  198. 
L58.  Borne  and  Farm  Canning.  201. 

159.  Agriculture  in  the  Imperial  Valley.  202. 

160.  Lettuce  (Growing  in  California. 

161.  Potatoes  in  California.  203. 
164.  Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California.  205. 


Fundamentals    of    Sugar    Beet    Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 
The  County  Farm  Bureau. 
Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 
The  1918  Grain  Crop. 
Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the   1918 

Crop. 
Wheat  Culture. 

The  Construction  of  the  Wood-Hoop  Silo. 
Farm  Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution  of  Milk. 
Hog  Cholera  Prevention  and  the  Serum 

Treatment. 
Grain  Sorghums. 

The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors  of  Importance  in  Producing  Milk 

of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Control  of  the  California  Ground  Squirrel. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat  in 

California  for  1918. 
Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 
A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 
Lambing  Sheds. 
Winter  Forage  Crops. 
Agriculture  Clubs  in  California. 
A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 
Helpful  Hints  to  Hog  Raisers. 
County  Organizations  for  Rural  Fire  Con- 
trol. 
Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 
Blackleg. 


